Ethnic violence attained new dimensions during the First World War especially in the border regions of the multi-ethnic empires. In this anthology the authors pursue the question of the extent to which the First World War was a caesura in terms of radical population policy and genocide. Only in comparison to mass violence that did not end as radically as the Armenian case does the specifically genocidal dimension in the context of the First World War become clear, for in other border regions the conditions of the conflicts are not dissimilar.