In stark contrast to most other world regions democracy has not taken root as a form of government in the Arab World. Hardly any of the Arab states can be considered a democracy in the sense of a regime where the population has a chance of deciding who is going to govern them. Free and fair elections are indeed one of the main criteria for the establishment of a democratic system of government. The book presents an overview over the electoral experiments in all Arab countries since their independence and analyses the main reasons for the absence of democratic elections. Three problem areas limit the relevance of elections for political change in the Arab world: Universal Suffrage and citizenship is still denied to parts of the population, especially to women; some political actors are hindered by legal means or by repression from standing as candidates or parties in elections (especially the Islamists); the elections are not decisive for the access to government, but only for the composition of parliament and other consultative bodies with limited competencies.