From an early stage the fight of the Muslim people of the Northern Caucasus against the advancing Russian empire coincided with religious reform movements. The study examines the conditions and development of this process up to the founding of a state by the legendary imam Shamil. It also contains a sumary of the historical events, an investigation into the composition of the followers and the elites of resistance as well as an examination of the organisational structures of the imam state and its impacts on social conditions and on everday life.