The book provides a panorama of Italian migrants‘ activities in Polish economy, political life and culture. The motivations of Italians to travel to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and often settled there permanently, the reasons which made this migration possible as well as the difficulties in their adaptation are described.

The aim of the study is to describe the ambiguity of the term in the context of different traditions and conceptions. On that base, a theory of critical legal ethics is developed. It is examined, whether chosen legal-philosophical conceptions contain any legal ethics conceptions and what could be the research program of legal ethics.