This book describes how the CBRN risk landscape is evolving and describes advances in the “core” CBRN technologies, including with regard to combined threats that involve (improvised) explosive devices (CBRNe threats). It analyses how associated technologies create new safety and security risks, and challenge some of the assumption underlying past and current control regimes. This book also highlights how technologies can be enablers for more effective strategies to manage these risks and mitigate their effects. 21st century safety and security risks emanating from chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) materials – whether the result of natural events, accidents or malevolent use as weapons - are increasingly shaped by technologies that enable their development, production or use in ways that differ from the past. Artificial intelligence, the use of cyber space, the revolution in the life sciences, new manufacturing methods for materials and equipment, new platforms and equipment for agent delivery, information tools utilized in hybrid warfare – these and other technologies as the ones underpinning the development of hypersonic weapon systems are all reshaping the global security environment and CBRN landscape. These changes are leading to a growing potential for highly targeted violence, and, further they can lead to greater instability and vulnerability worldwide. At the same time, technology offers solutions to manage CBRN risks, for example by faster detection and more accurate characterization of the nature and origin of CBRN agents, new methods of forensic investigation, or new medical treatments to support victims of CBRN incidents. New educational concepts help fostering a culture of responsibility in science and technology and strengthen governance. New training methods help develop practical skills to manage CBRN risks more effectively.The main conclusion of the book is that there is a growing need for a holistic framework towards CBRNe risk mitigation. Traditional arms control mechanisms such as global, regional or bilateral treaties and export control regimes are still needed, as they provide a necessary legal and institutional framework. But prohibitions and technology denial alone will not suffice, and institutional mechanisms can at times be weak and unreliable. Given both the pace of technological progress and the diffusion of critical knowledge, tools and materials into society, users must accept that CBRNe risks cannot be eliminated altogether. Nor can the proliferation of CBRNe materials and technologies be completely prevented. Instead, society has to learn to manage these risks and develop resilience against them. This requires a “softer” but at the same time more broadly-based, multi-stakeholder approach involving governments, industry, the research and development communities, educators, and civil society.weiterlesen