On an annual basis, over 17 million people die due to cardiovascular disease. This represents a third of all global deaths. The World Health Organisation have identified cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death worldwide.  Although many cardiovascular conditions are preventable, there is a need for accurate characterisation and diagnosis of cardiovascular conditions before, during and after treatments. Much of this characterisation entails the use of biological indicators, i.e biomarkers.combines detailed information on different cardiovascular conditions and the concomitant application of conventional, new and emerging biomarkers. It covers the latest knowledge, trends and applications. New platforms are described which combine advances in biomedical sciences, physics, computing and chemistry.weiterlesen