This book discusses issues of geoecological (GER) and geopolitical (GPR) risks due to hydrocarbon development of the Arctic. The authors reveal the ethical and philosophical foundations of understanding environmental equity and justice in relation to the development of Arctic natural resources, and consider various approaches to the moral aspects of making global management decisions in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety. At the same time, special attention is paid to the analysis of modern geopolitical and geostrategic challenges to the development of the Arctic region. The monograph identifies the key geopolitical factors affecting the sustainable development of the Arctic and analyzes the similarities and differences in the geostrategic positions of the Arctic five States. The authors reveal the need to consider geopolitical challenges in the process of GER analysis for oil and gas development in the Arctic region, which is due to the intersection of the strategic interests for a number of States and their focus on proving Russia's inability to ensure environmental safety in the development of Arctic deposits. The book analyzes in detail each type of GER with an emphasis on their transformation into additional opportunities and threats, and assess environmental rating as an indicator of the GER management process of Russian oil and gas companies operating in the Arctic. Although the main focus is on the Russian part of this region, many assumptions and conclusions are quite applicable to the entire Arctic basin. Ultimately, the consideration of geoecological and geopolitical aspects of the development of Arctic resources with the example of Russian oil and gas companies makes it possible to find a consensus on the scale of the entire Arctic region, taking into account the interests of all other national and international companies involved in this process.weiterlesen