This book traces the conceptual lens of ‘survivals’ from the late 19th-century theories of E.B. Tylor, James Frazer, and others, in debate with ‘degenerationists’ and Protestant anti-Catholic polemicists, back to its origins in Jewish, Christian and Muslim traditions as well as later more secularized forms in the German Enlightenment and Romanticist movements. These historical sources, particularly the ‘dual faith’ tradition of Russian Orthodoxy, significantly shaped both Tsarist and later Soviet ethnography of Muslim Central Asia, helping guide and justify their respective religious missionary, social-legal, political identity and other imperial agendas. The study is situated within a broader global historical frame, including comparative analysis of Edvard Westermarck’s 1933 study of , debates over ‘pre-Islamic Survivals’ among Turkish and Iranian as well as Black African and South Asian Muslim Peoples, and critique of the legacy of Clifford Geertz and Western post-colonialist scholarship in relation to diverging trends of historiography in the post-World War Two era, particularly UNESCO’s ‘History of Humanity’ project. weiterlesen