Starting from Gauss's original point of view, the book begins as an introduction suitable for graduate students, leading to recent developments in stochastic analysis and Malliavin calculus, including contributions by the author. Later chapters, aimed at a more mature audience, require some familiarity with stochastic calculus and Dirichlet forms. Sensitivity analysis, in particular, plays an important role in the book. Detailed applications in a range of fields, such as engineering, robotics, statistics, financial mathematics, climate science, or quantum mechanics are discussed through concrete examples. Throughout the book, error analysis is presented in a progressive manner, motivated by examples and appealing to the reader’s intuition. weiterlesen