This dissertation developed energy management strategies for fuel-cell hybrid vehicles. It solves the most crucial point of determining the so-called equivalent factor faced by the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS), which was proposed after the world's first hybrid vehicle Toyota Prius came to mark the 90s of the 20th century. For this purpose, an analytical formula is derived for the first time to calculate the equivalent factor based on component characteristics curves and average load conditions. Due to the elegance of this formula, the developed energy management strategy is scalable, adaptive and efficient. Other significant results include developing offline optimal energy management as a reference to online strategies, including both offline PMP and dynamic programming. For the offline PMP strategy, the dynamic of the so-called co-state is considered without assuming zero, as found in other research works. Furthermore, the equivalent electrical circuit of the battery system in hybrid vehicles has a more accurate model than most published works by using more resistor-capacitor branches to model relaxation processes. Due to the accuracy of implemented offline strategies, online strategies can be reasonably evaluated. The last contribution of this work lies in the co-optimization of energy management and driving cycles for fuel-cell hybrid vehicles, which aims to maximize the energy efficiency of these vehicles.