In this anthology, researchers from Finland, Greece, Norway and the United Kingdom discuss how nation and identity are shaped in a modern multi-ethnic, multi-lingual and multi-cultural society: by retaining a national identity in the context of emigration, by Measures taken to change an existing nation into a new one, by introducing a discourse designed to re-establish a putatively lost nation. The anthology contains articles in English, French and German from political sciences, history, linguistics, literature and translatology.